Adaptation of microplants to non-sterile conditions is the final stage of clonal micropropagation, which determines the yield of plants and the effectiveness of the entire method as a whole. To increase the survival of microplants, various methods are used, including the use of physical factors, which include exposure to a pulsed magnetic field. The objects of research were microplants of apple clonal rootstocks 54-118 and 57-490. Magnetic pulse processing (MPT) was carried out using the AMIS-8 magnetic pulse stimulation apparatus developed at the Horticulture Federal Research Center. At the stage of adaptation of microplants, MPT had a positive effect on the survival rate and biometric parameters of adapted plants of apple clonal rootstocks 54-118 and 57-490. Under the influence of MPT, the survival rate of microplants of the rootstock of the apple tree 54-118 increased by 50 %, 57-490 — by 25 % compared with the variant without treatment. The trunk diameter on average for 2 forms of apple clonal rootstocks after MPT was 13.3-21.5 % higher than the diameter of the trunk in plants without treatment. Plants of apple clonal rootstocks after MPT formed a more developed leaf apparatus with the number of leaves 1.4-1.6 times more than in control plants.

The article presents the results of assessing the adaptability of introduced strawberry varieties of foreign breeding, according to economically valuable traits for their further use in breeding and cultivation in the conditions of the Samara region. In the State Register for the Middle Volga region, the assortment of strawberries is represented by 13 varieties. Almost all varieties are outdated, do not meet modern requirements and do not have the necessary complex of economically valuable traits. Strawberry varieties must be regularly updated in accordance with the increasing requirements of producers and consumers of marketable products. Strawberry varieties from other climatic regions adapt with great difficulty to new conditions, do not realize their biological potential and do not correspond to the characteristics declared by the originating institutions. At the same time, strawberries do not have varieties that are able to realize their potential in different environmental conditions. The aim of the study was to study 12 newest introduced strawberry varieties of foreign breeding by frigo seedlings, compared them with each other, highlighting varieties with maximum performance. Collection variety study was carried out according to a reduced program in the amount of 25 plants of each variety without repetition. The research was carried out in Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants « Zhigulevskie Sady» on the site of the breeding department in 2019-2021. As a result of the collection variety study of 12 strawberry varieties in the conditions of the Samara region, a significant influence of weather conditions on the passage of phenological phases was revealed. According to the timing of flowering and ripening of berries, strawberry varieties were divided into groups: early, middle, late, remontant. The early group included 3 varieties: Asia, Liya sakharnaya, Clery. There are 4 varieties in the medium group: Camarosa, Syria, Molling Santineri, Olympia. In the group of late there are 2 varieties: Eliani, Sensatsiya. There are 3 remontant varieties: Garmoniya, Murano, Charlotte. By large-fruitedness of more than 12 g, the following varieties stood out: Olympia, Asia, Liya sakharnaya, Molling Santineri, Sensatsiya. The other varieties in the group are large (9-12 g), except for the Camarosa variety. The sources of largefruitedness, dessert taste, high transportability of berries and early ripeness of the variety were identified: Asia, Liya sakharnaya. Varieties with high plasticity and productivity for growing conditions have been revealed: Asia, Sugar Leah, Sensatsia, Molling Santinary, Garmoniya.

The article presents the results of long-term studies of the peculiarities of the phenological phases of the development of promising pear varieties of domestic breeding in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals (Orenburg region). The research was carried out in 2018-2021 at the experimental site of the 2002 laying of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Research Center of Horticulture. The objects of research were varieties of pears of domestic breeding Krasnobokaya (st), Skazochnaya, Pingvin, Permyachka, Sverdlovchanka, Isetskaya sochnaya, Lel, Chizhovskaya, Lada, Vidnaya, Povislaya (st), Gvidon, Uralochka, Samarskaya krasavitsa, Pamyat of Parshin. The calculation of phenological atypicity to identify the correspondence of the phases of development of pear varieties to the conditions of the region was carried out according to the method of Zaitsev G. N. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of Zaitsev G. N. and Dospekhov B. A. using the Microsoft Office Excel 10 analysis package. It was established that the studied varieties are characterized by a short growing season — 160-170 days; the required amount of active heat is on average 3 158.9 °C. For pear varieties, the timing of the onset of phenological phases is determined by the accumulated sum of positive temperatures: the beginning of vegetation — 200-304.7 °C; the beginning of flowering – 354-476.6 °C; removable fruit maturity — 2 504-3 603 °C; the end of leaf fall — 3 1793-666 °C. It was found that the timing of the onset of the phenological phases of the beginning of vegetation, the beginning and end of flowering, the end of shoot growth, as well as the duration of flowering periods, shoot growth and vegetation depend more on the conditions of the year than on the genotype. The removable maturity of fruits, the duration of the interphase period, the formation and growth of fruits are determined by characteristics of the variety. The assessment of phenological atypicity revealed that all the studied varieties are in the optimum for the realization of their phenological phases of development.

The article presents long-term data on the study of introduced apple varieties. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture. The objects of research were the introduced winter-ripening apple varieties Anis Sverdlovskiy, Blagaya Vest’, VEM YArkij, Krasa Sverdlovska, Otlichnik, Pervoural’skoe, Rumyanka Sverdlovskaya, Samotsvet, Fermer, Ekrannoe, Bratchud (K), Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, Bolotovskoe, Kandil’ Orlovskiy, Kulikovskoe. The planting scheme was 3.0x5.0 m. Modern industrial horticulture requires intensive orchards that meet a range of quality requirements: their early fruiting, restrained growth, compact crown type, active increase in yield, high commercial and consumer quality of fruits, reduction care costs compared to gardens on vigorous rootstocks. In this regard, the following features were studied: winter hardiness, tree height, crown diameter, bole circumference, precocity, and yield. After a critical winter, the most winter-hardy varieties turned out to be Blagaya Vesti, Farmer, Screen, Otlichnik, Bratchud (K). The varieties Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, Krasa Sverdlovska had the highest reductive capacity. The highest average fruit weight over the years of the study had the Kovrovoe 1 variety (132.0 g), the high-yielding varieties included Kovrovoe 1, Kovrovoe 3, VEM YArkij, Krasa Sverdlovska (from 12.4 to 13.0 t/ha).

The article presents data on determining the effectiveness of the use of the growth regulator Organostim on grapes of the Arcadia variety in the conditions of the Orenburg region. The studies were carried out on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Research Center of Horticulture from 2019 to 2021. Vineyard was established in 2012. Objects of research were the introduced grape variety Arcadia, growth regulator Organostim, VR (15 g/l dihydroquercetin + 30 g/l triethanolammonium salt of orthoresoxyacetic acid). Getting a stable harvest occupies one of the main places in the viticulture industry of the Orenburg region. In modern agriculture, plant growth regulators are used, which improve plant root nutrition, increase resistance to stress factors, stimulate plant growth, the formation of ovaries and berries, accelerate ripening times, and improve product quality. As a result of the studies, data were obtained that showed that when using the Organostim option (2.0 l / ha), the maximum number of bunches was noted (12 pcs.), average berry weight (7.4 g), number of berries per bunch (105 pcs.). There is an increase in the mass of the bunch and productivity at a rate of consumption of an agrochemical of 2.0 l / ha by 22 % and 111 %, respectively, relative to the control variant. It was revealed that the average yield per hectare when using Organostim (2.0 l/ha) was 11.4 t/ha, and the increase was 6.0 tons. As a result of the studies, the effectiveness of the use of the plant growth regulator Organostim on the Arcadia grape variety was established.

The article presents the results of phenological observations of five-year-old trees of introduced species and forms of apple trees. The research was conducted in the Orenburg branch of the Federal Horticulture Research Center for Breeding, Argotechnology and Nursery in 2019-2021. Phenological studies were carried out according to the methodology of G. N. Zaitsev, statistical data processing was carried out using the methods of G. N. Zaitsev and B. A. Dospekhov. Data on the passage of 10 phenological phases were used (bud opening, beginning of flowering, end of flowering, end of shoot growth, lignification of shoots, beginning of fruit ripening, end of fruit ripening, autumn leaf coloring, beginning of leaf fall, end of leaf fall). In variable weather and climatic conditions during the growing season, it was found that the timing of the onset of the main phenological phases directly depends on the amount of accumulated positive temperatures, in particular, for the beginning of the growing season, this parameter is 245.2-304.7°C; for the beginning of the flowering phase — 630-609.4°C; the end of shoot growth was accompanied by the accumulation of positive temperatures from 2 152.8 to 2 398°C; at the end of fruit ripening, the sum of positive temperatures was 2 736.3-3 386°C; the beginning of leaf fall corresponds to the sum of positive temperatures from 2 873.9 to 3 200.8°C. In the conditions of the study, the duration of the growing season is 169-176 days, which is a short growing season. Weather and climatic conditions had a significant impact on the processes of active growth and flowering, the genotype of the studied species and forms caused the processes of fruit ripening, lignification of shoots, leaf fall. The duration of the shoot growth period is in direct correlation (r = 0.74-0.81) with the hydrothermal coefficient. The main decorative periods, including flowering, fruit ripening, and the period of autumn coloring, depend to varying degrees on both genotypic characteristics and meteorological conditions in the growing area.

The article presents the results of studying the adaptability of apple varieties on the M9 clone rootstock in the agroecological conditions of the southeastern foothill subprovince of Dagestan. The purpose of the research is to identify the adaptive potential of apple varieties for the establishment of intensive type orchards in the zone of commercial horticulture. It is especially important to choose the optimal variant of scion-rootstock combinations of apple trees, which should be distinguished by annual productivity, high commercial quality of fruits and environmental sustainability. The southeastern foothill sub-province has great prospects for the development of commercial horticulture. The most common of the unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the vital activity of fruit crops are recurrent cold in spring and early frosts in autumn, when fruit plants are still windy. According to the results of the research, biometric parameters of growth and yield of trees in a young orchard were determined, depending on the type of plantings design. It is noted that at the age of three years, the condition of trees on a 5-point scale is good. The height of trees, depending on the rootstock, compared with the variety Renet Simirenko (control), reached an average of 2.3 to 2.9 m. On dwarf rootstocks of M-9, the diameter of the stem of the Majesti variety was 4.2 cm, the diameter of the Simirenko variety was 3.5 cm. The growth of annual shoots clearly reflects the growth activity of trees with different scion/rootstock combinations. It has been established that dwarf rootstocks provide a weakening effect and allow growing stunted trees with a compact crown, a strong stem and are convenient for care, harvesting. The largest number of fruit formations was observed in the introduced Majesti variety with a planting scheme of 3.0×1.5 on a dwarf rootstock M9(67sh), compared with the control variety of the Renet Simirenko (46pcs).The yield from one tree was 7.1 kg., in the control variety Renet Simirenko — (5.3 kg). When calculated per hectare, the Majesty variety produced 15.7 tons, Renet Simirenko — 11.7 tons.

There were carrot varieties Losinoostrovskaya 13 (VNIIO), Shantane 2461 (West Siberian O. O.S.) and Nantskaya 4 (VNIISSOK), which were evaluated based on the results of field tests in the Moscow region (2010-2012 & 2014-2016) in order to identify the standard of adaptability. The average monthly air temperatures during the growing seasons exceeded the average long-term indicators. The years of observations differed significantly in moisture availability. The taproots yield in contrasting weather conditions served as a criterion of the adaptability. Long-term data of the taproots yield were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. According to results of two-way ANOVA, a significant influence of factors «variety», «year» and the «variety-year» interaction was revealed. There were indicators: the environmental index (I), the parameters of plasticity b_i, the stability S² (Eberhart, Russel, 1966), the coefficient of adaptability Kad (Zhivotkov et al., 1994), the indicator of the level and stability of the variety yield — PUSS, % (Nettevich et al., 1985) which were used to assess the adaptive properties of carrot varieties. These indicators differ in degree depending on the number of observations, the set of studied samples and the values of standard cultivars. MS Excel formulas are created using the functions SLOPE, TINV, SUMXMY2, SUMMPRODUCT and others to facilitate multi-stage calculations of indicators. Calculation algorithms are clearly demonstrated. The relationship between the environment index and the taproots yield of carrot varieties was characterized by high values of the determination coefficient R²=0.92-0.99, indicating a high approximation of the regression equation.According to the results of 6-year tests in contrasting weather conditions, the variety Shantane 2461 was allocated by adaptability. It surpassed other varieties in the taproots yield on average over the years of testing (4.2 kg/m²) and in the best weather conditions (up to 7.1 kg/m²) and was at the level of other varieties in the worst conditions. The variety Shantane 2461 demonstrated a favorable combination of high values of the coefficient of adaptability (Kad=1.09), the plasticity (b_i= 1.4), the stability (S²= 0.06), the level and stability of the yield (PUSS=100 %).

The results of four-year studies on the reproduction of Russian plum on clonal rootstocks are presented. The purpose of the work was to select the optimal clone rootstocks for replication of the most adaptive varieties of Russian plum. In 2017-2020, in the conditions of the Leninsky district of the Moscow region in the nursery of the Federal Horticultural Research Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, the objects of research were 2 varieties of Russian plum (Shatyor, Cleopatra), grafted on 5 clone rootstocks (SVG-11-19, OD-2-3, 13-113, VVA-1 and Vesennee Plamya). It has been established that the most promising for propagation of Russian plum varieties Cleopatra and Shatyor are clonal rootstocks OD-2-3, 113-113, Vesennee Plamya. The annuals grafted on these rootstocks were characterized by the best biometric parameters of the aboveground system and the number of lateral branches of more than 13 pcs. On the SVG-11-19 and VVA-1 rootstocks, the seedlings were more compact and with fewer lateral branches (6-9 pcs.). The survival rate of the eyes and the yield of annuals of the studied varieties on medium-sized clonal rootstocks Vesennee Plamya and OD2-3 were above 80 %. The maximum yield of standard planting material (40 thousand pieces/ha) was noted in Cleopatra scion/rootstock combinations/ Vesennee Plamya, Shatyor/ OD-2-3 and Shatyor/ Vesennee Plamya. The profitability of growing seedlings of these scion/rootstock combinations was 103.3-109.5 %, which is 1.7 times higher than when grafting these varieties on the VVA-1 rootstock.

Raspberries are affected by pathogens of more than 30 viral diseases, which significantly reduce the productivity of plantations. Arabis mosaic viruses (ArMV), Raspberry ring spot (RpRSV), Latent strawberry ring spot (SLRSV), Tomato black ring (TBRV), and Raspberry bushy dwarf (RBDV) can cause significant damage. The purpose of the research is to assess the occurrence of viral diseases and improve the health of raspberry plants by dry-air thermotherapy. During 2019 — 2021 in the Moscow region, 494 raspberry plants of 23 varieties were diagnosed by ELISA. For ELISA, diagnostic kits from Loewe (Germany) were used; leaves were taken as samples. The results were recorded on a Stat Fax 2100 plate photometer. Dry-air thermotherapy was carried out at a temperature of 38 °C for 2 months. The prevalence of viruses on raspberries was 35.8 % with a predominance of the RBDV virus (20.4 %). The RpRSV was diagnosed in 13.2 % of plants. Viruses ArMV, SLRSV, and TBRV were noted with a low frequency of occurrence: 5.1 %, 4.0 %, and 2.4 %, respectively. Dry air thermotherapy led to a decrease in the index of infection of raspberry plants with the RBDV virus 5 days after the completion of treatment, and in plants of two varieties, even 1 year later. Raspberry plants of 19 varieties free from major harmful viruses have been identified. The yield of virus-free raspberry plants was 40 %.