The article presents the results of 11-years studies of four hybrid apple progenies from germination to the detection of elite hybrids along a set of economically valuable traits. The effi ciency of early multiplication of selections on the clonal rootstock 62-396 and the results of their evaluation in the orchard are shown. A brief description of the selected elite hybrid 2007-17/31 (Otava × Verbnae) is given according to the data of the primary study.

In the course of work to create new highly productive hybrids and sweet cherry varieties resistant to abiotic and biotic conditions, at Krymsk experimental breeding station of VIR in practice used a combination of remote hybridization and a culture of isolated embryos to overcome postmergency incompatibility was used. The hybridization included the already created donor and the sources of breeding-relevant characteristics required for the selected model variety. Hybrids and clones of the second generation were obtained from crossing the sweet cherry with Prunus sachalinensis. The use of prebreeding and embryoculture signifi cantly increases the effi ciency of breeding based on interspecifi c hybridization and accelerates the breeding process for 2-3 seasons.

Characteristics and evaluation of pear elites bred at Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia is given. The studies were carried out in the southern part of Western Siberia. The objects were 7 pear elites and 1 variety as a control. The aim of the research was to make a comparative evaluation of the perspective selected pear forms. An elite form 0-69-925 (named ‘Matushka’) with yield 6.4 t/ha was revealed and is on government trial since 2016.

The results of study of infl uence of soil and climatic conditions on the damage and spread of viral diseases in the cultivation of potatoes in different soil and climatic conditions of the mountainous province of the Republic of Dagestan are presented. There was considered the possibility of using favorable soil and climatic conditions of the highlands for the development of new science-based system of primary seed growing and selection of the economically profi table schemes of growing super-super elite and elite potatoes on virus-free basis to ensure all potato growers farms of the Republic by high quality planting seeds.

In the article, based on the literature data, the results of the study of the inheritance of positive attributes of cherry varieties, which are most often used in breeding as parental forms, both in Russia and abroad, are presented. It was revealed that the varieties Vladimirskaya, Griot Ostgeimsky, Zhukovskaya are donors of the early and middle terms of fruit ripening. Lubskaya variety can be considered as a hidden donor of large-fruited.

Crossing of complex interspecies hybrids with varieties of European grapes, as well as complex interspecies hybrids with complex, interspecifi c hybrids with different resistance to phylloxera, the F1 progeny shows a wide range of variability on the grounds of phylloxeroid, mildew and oidium resistance, which is associated with high heterozygosity and polygenic conditionality of the studied signs.

Purpose of the research was the study of the chemical composition of apple fruits to identify promising hybrids. For three years we have evaluated the content of soluble dry substances, sum of sugars, titratable acids, pectin and ascorbic acid by conventional existing methods. We are revealed that the hybrids have high values of dry matter (13,60 - to 14,77%), the total amount of sugars was ranged from 8,86% to 11,78%; the content of titrable organic acids in fruits was in the range from 0,43% to 0,71%; the amount of ascorbic acid in the fruit was an average of 11,57- 17,26 mg/100 g. The differences between hybrids were signifi cant. We have revealed variation of indicators characterizing fruit quality, genotypic characteristics and environmental conditions.

The influence of weather conditions on the ovary and yield cherry cultivars and interspecific hybrids during three vegetation years. The experiment on the self-fertility and the influence on the fruit ovary are presented in this work.

One of the reasons for the losses during storage is the untimely picking of apple fruits. Experimental data on the content of starch, sugars, acids, hardness of fl esh pulp and intensity of ethylene separation were obtained, which allowed to establishe criteria indices characterizing the optimal periods for harvesting apple fruits, including characteristics of commercial qualities and chemical composition. The observance of optimum terms of harvesting of the apple fruit gives the opportunity to increase marketable yield with the best taste quality and to reduce losses during storage.

The article presents the results of the biochemical composition of shoots of mother plants and seed offspring in apple varieties Zolotoy ship of the summer ripening period. A high content of biochemical substances in the shoots of this variety was found, which determines its nutritional and curative value. To study the dynamics of accumulation sugars, vitamin C, polyphenols in the shoots, the analysis was carried out in three phases: the beginning of growth, active growth, the end of growth processes. The relationship between the content of sugars and vitamin C in the shoots of mother plants and their families was established. A comparison of the biochemical composition with the determination of the correlation between the amount of vitamin C, sugars, polyphenols in the shoots of mother plants and shoots of seed progeny was made. The content of vitamin C in the periods of beginning of growth, active growth, the end of growth processes ranges from 5.8 to 6.4 mg% without signifi cant differences between the compared trees. The variety grows on the territory of the Botanical garden named after the Vs. M. Krutovsky, which is located in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk and is a unique collection of cultivated apple varieties. Biotypes with the highest content of sugars and vitamin C were revealed. As result of studies, the presence of vitamin C is established only between the end of shoot growth. These data are relevant and allow us to use the biochemical composition of shoots of seedlings in the diagnosis of individual apple species in terms of the content of vitamin C, sugars, polyphenols.

The results of the evaluation of 19 raspberry varieties characterized by biochemical composition of berries are presented. The content of sugars (5.00-6.19%), total amount of dry substances (13.80-16.60%), organic acids (1.61-2.40%) and vitamin C (17.84-28.47 mg%) were determined. The infl uence of variety characteristics and weather conditions on the level accumulation of these substances has been revealed. Dry and hot weather in period of ripening of berries of 2011 were ensured high accumulation of sugars, dry substances in berries and reduction of vitamin C.

The results of the study of biochemical and processing characteristics of fi ve apple varieties depending on the rootstock infl uence are presented. The fruit yielding capacity and merchantability data for the studied scion-rootstock combinations are provided, and their mutual infl uence is shown. The combinations with high micronutrient content, that are fi t for fresh consumption or recommended for processing, was determined. Suitable organic acids and sugars ratio, that contributed to good taste qualities, were observed in fruits of Golden Delicious, Jonagold and Krymskoe varieties on rootstocks K 104, D1071, EM-26.

O identify the adaptation of decorative apple species (Malus Mill.) introduced on Absheron peninsula of Azerbaijan to the new conditions, some bioecological characteristics have been studied. The researches were conducted in Absheron on the territory of Central Botanical Garden of Academy National of Sciences of Azerbaijan on 23 ornamental apples. It was revealed that under Apsheron conditions the majority of introduced species have a rapid growth and development, which is one of the main characteristic of their adaptation to new soil and climatic conditions. It is established that apple-trees reproduce well with seeds, and the best time for sowing seeds of apple species on Absheron is early autumn (September-October) and spring (March-April). On the basis of the obtained results, the most promising species have been identified which, according to their ornamental qualities, resistance to environmental factors, enhanced adaptive capacity, yield, and rich chemical composition of fruits, can be used for obtaining new varieties and stock in breeding work and hybridization.

The paper considers brief information on the history of garden rose introduction in humid subtropics of Russia (Sochi). The data about dynamics of collection in the Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops are given. 89 varieties related to 15 garden groups compose the modern volume of Institute collection. The variety study researches was allowed to revealed in existing assortment the varieties most adapted to conditions of humid subtropics climate.

The article presents data on long-term studies of yield, biochemical and raw materials quality indicators, economical efficiency of new tea varieties of Tuov M.T. breeding: Karatum (aneuploid 2n = 31), Sochi (diploid 2n = 30) and perspective induced mutant forms of Kerkadze I.G. breeding: No. 582 (radio mutant - aneuploid 2n = 36); 2264 (сolchicine mutant - mixoploid 2n = 38); No. 3823 (radio mutant - myxoploid 2n = 42). Kolkhida variety was chose as a control. A high adaptive potential, as well as a significant yield advantage, were demonstrate by 2-radio mutant tea forms No. 582 and No. 3823. The data of biochemical studies show, that Karatum variety and form No. 582 differed in high tannin content. The profitability of the induced forms No. 582 (55,2%) and No. 3823 (64,1%) exceeded not only the local population (juts) by 29,6-38,5 %, but also the control Kolhida variety by 10,8-19,7 %.

The aim of the study was to study the biology, evaluation of decorative and economically valuable traits of 92 varieties of gladiolus, developing and replenishing the range of cultivated plants for use in landscaping in the forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The studies were carried out using the method of primary variety study of introduced plants. Decorativeness of gladiolus was evaluated according to the method of state variety testing of ornamental crops. The dynamics of growth were determined by measuring the height of the plants every ten days. By the method of phenological observations in botanical gardens, the seasonal rhythm of plants was studied. It is established that the collection fund of gladiolus depending on the fl owering period is divided into fi ve groups: very early - 3 varieties; early - 20; early - average - 23; average - 41; average late - 5. The decorativeness of the varieties of gladiolus was evaluated in nine parameters. As a result of the evaluation, it is established that in the collection the varieties with the fl ower form are predominate: medium-sized gandeways, predominantly red; fl owers in the infl orescence of medium density are located alternately, the fl ower stalk of medium length, strong. Most varieties are characterized by long fl owering. As result, when evaluating the decorative features of gladiolus by the score, it was revealed that the variety Russkiy Renesans was awarded the highest score (100 points), the variety Devich’i Tayny was rated at 98 points. Most varieties (90 pcs.) were estimated at 90-95 points. According to the indicators of resistance of the corms of gladiolus to diseases and pests, it was revealed that 60 varieties of the collection of the South-Ural botanical garden-Institute are resistant. To replenish the zonal assortment, 60 varieties of gladiolus were distinguished, characterized by high decorativeness, early and middle fl owering, easily propagated vegetatively, resistant to diseases and pests.

The paper presents the results of analysis of 14 new varieties of strawberry for the Krasnodar Region on the traits of productivity and yield. Selection of the most promising varieties was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics, allowing you to reveal the best variety Onda for its use in the industrial production of the region.

The article presents the peculiarities of growth and development of 5 species and 16 varieties of the genus iris introduced into the conditions of Absheron zone of Azerbaijan. Observations show that intensive growth of iris species continues from the middle of February to the end of the II decade of May, the iris varieties had intensive growth from the I decade of May and to the end of the II decade of May. The studied species and varieties under the conditions of Absheron, while saving biological specifi city, differ in their decorative features, expressed in growth. The most highest iris varieties were ‘Footloose’ (106,0 sm), ‘Smiling Angel’ (104,9 sm), ‘Orange Jubilee’ (96,0 sm), ‘Starlight Express’ (94,8 sm); the shortest ones - ‘Brown Lasso’ (55,9 sm), ‘Lilac Domino’(71,8 sm), ‘Valor’ (80,1 sm), ‘Night Ruler’ (81,0 sm). At the time of growth and development, the highest among the species were I. musulmanica (44,2 cm), Iris alexeenkoi (20,0 cm); and the shortest ones were I. grossheimii (11,5 cm) and I. reticulata (12,3 cm).

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the degree of reduction of the crown of trees on the water regime of apple leaves of Antonovka ordinary varieties 1987 planting. According to the research results it was found that the crown reduction has a positive effect on the formation of the leaf plate. The average area of the sheet increased by 16.9-30.7% on annual increments and 26,1-46,3% on ringlets. Signifi cantly increased the water content of the leaves under the infl uence of pruning and was 62,6-69,8% on-year increments and of 58,1-64,7% on twigs. The transpiration rate increased from 4,65 mg/cm2 hour to 5,98-6,29 mg/cm2 hour. The maximum values of the water regime of leaves were in the variant with a decrease in crown height to 3,0-3,5 m.

The peculiarities of the change in the availability with easily hydrolyzed nitrogen in soils are presented for a 27 year-old tea plantations on the long-term multifactorial fi eld experiment of 16 NPK fertilizers combinations. The most expedient was the application of moderate doses nitrogenous fertilizers (70-90 and 120-200 kg/ha - for young and for mature tea plantations, respectively), which supported a defi cit-free nitrogen balance in the agroecosystem and the nitrogen status of soils at an average level (7-9 mg/100 g), providing a high mean annual yield of tea amounted to 4000- 4700 kg/ha. Double and triple doses led to an unproductive nitrogen consumption with a certain increase in plantation productivity and soil availability, which is not comparable with a 2-4 fold increase in the balance surplus. The nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm soil layer on the average increased by 0,6 mg/100 g per 1000 kg N/ha applied with nitrogenous fertilizers.

The dynamics of the total potassium in apple leaves and the dynamics of refl ection spectra of them were studied on the different background of the potassium supply. A close correlation was found between the light refl ection coeffi cient of leaves and the potassium content at the wavelength of 550 nm during the whole vegetation period, which makes it possible to use these results to develop methods for non-destructive diagnosis of potassium nutrition of apple trees.

In the article there is proposed a technique of researches, elaborated in conditions of Tambov region, on studying the possibility of use of light refl exion spectrophotometry by a leaf blade for establish of suffi ciency level of apple plants with mineral nutrients.

The infl uence of foliar fertilizing on the development of certain components of apple tree productivity is presented. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the leaves and fruits was studied under the action of agrochemicals of Shchelkovo Agrokhim JSC. There is done the evaluation of impact of various foliar fertilizing systems, composed of Shchelkovo Agrokhim JSC agrochemicals on the mineral composition of leaves and fruits as well as on the yield of apple trees in an intensive orchard. There is marked positive effect of such agrochemicals as Biostim universal, Ultramag potassium, Ultramag calcium, as well as microelements in chelate form.

There is presented the experimental material on the results of studying the layouts of spruce varieties of apple, grafted on a slightly grown clone root apple M9. Studies have established that before the introduction into the productive period, the layouts did not exert any signifi cant infl uence on the development of young apple trees with the forming that we applied. Beginning from the age of 5-6, the effect of this factor is manifested signifi cantly in the thickening of the tree crown. During this period, in order to maintain the stable volume of the crown and the level of its illumination, it is necessary to combine the thinning of shoots, combining with moderate shortening of large branches. In order to increase the yield of apple varieties Starkrimson and Golden delicious should be placed with a 4x1 and 4x1.5 meter scheme, respectively.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of selenium on the activity of the components of the antioxidant system under hyperthermia, as well as the effect of this microelement on the main components in the process of producing red currant plants. It is shown that the selenium microelement under simulated conditions of hyperthermia action on the leaves of red currant activates the work of the antioxidant catalase enzyme by 2,2 times. In connection with this, there is an insignifi cant increase in the active forms of oxygen in leaf tissues and, as a consequence, a slight development of peroxide damage to membrane lipids in comparison with the control. In the variant with selenium under the infl uence of hyperthermia, the intensity of LPO increased by 29,3% against 62,3% in the control. In the fi eld conditions, the exogenous plant enrichment with selenium contributes to a 50,0% increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and makes slower the expenses of organic substances due to respiration intensity lowering. In the variant with selenium, the plants increased the average berry weight in the productive cluster by 19.2%, and by 17,0% - the number of berries in it. The selenium treatment of red currants contributed to the increase in plant resistance to hyperthermia and positively infl uenced on the components of the production process.

In 2014-2015 in the fi eld experiment with apple variety Sinap Orlovsky planted in 1992, the summer foliar fertilization with potassium sulfate, boric acid and calcium chloride had an impact on the reserves of potassium and phosphorus in shoots during the winter-spring period. The impact of the treatments depended on the load of trees by crop and was more manifested after a low-yielding period of the vegetation. During two years the signifi cant increase of potassium content was observed in the shoots after the treatments by K2SO4, while a substantial increase in the phosphorus content was observed when spraying with K2SO4 + CaCl2 and H3BO3 + CaCl2 mixtures. The impact of the combined treatment with K2SO4+CaCl2 on the potassium content depended on the weather conditions of vegetation periods. The shoots potassium content decreased after temperately wet vegetation period, while after summer period with contrast conditions (wet and dry) the same treatment with K2SO4+CaCl2 had a contrary effect.

The aim of the present work was to study the immunostimulating properties of albite to increase the resistance to disease of the main peach varieties grown in humid subtropics of Russia. The experimental work was carried out on peach variety Red Heaven, characterized by a increased resistance to a complex of phytopathogens, as well as on Veteran and Collins varieties, characterized by reduced resistance to diseases. Increasing of the nonspecifi c induced resistance of the studied peach varieties was observed in all experimental treatments with albite. Three-time treatment of peach with albite (250 ml / ha) only and together with half dosages of fungicides (delan 0,35 kg / ha, scor 0,1 l / ha) reduced the degree of development of peach leaf curl by 20-26% comparing with treatment with pesticides. Regardless of the variety disease resistance of plants, the high resistance to phytopathogens (Stigmina carpophila, Botrytis cinerea, Monilia cinerea) persisted for 1.5-2 months after the cessation of treatments. Signifi cant immunostimulating effect of albite indicates the appropriateness of its use in the fi ght against peach diseases.

The article shows the necessity of application for the needs of melioration, irrigation, farms and agriculture in general contactless transformation and measurement of large alternating currents using information effective measuring induction contactless ferromagnetic transducers and the results of the elaboration of such converters were presented.